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	<title>面南看北斗</title>
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	<description>不为无益之事   何以遣有涯之生</description>
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		<title>用ggplot2画heatmap</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/02/06/plot-heatmap-using-ggplot2</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/02/06/plot-heatmap-using-ggplot2#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Feb 2010 07:44:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[plot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[R]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[> library(ggplot2)

Loading required package: proto

Loading required package: grid

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/02/06/plot-heatmap-using-ggplot2" title="用ggplot2画heatmap">Read More: 1116 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<pre class="alt2" style="border: 1px solid #c6c6c6; margin: 0px; padding: 4px; overflow: auto; width: 600px; height: 820px;">
> library(ggplot2)
Loading required package: proto
Loading required package: grid
Loading required package: reshape
Loading required package: plyr
Loading required package: digest
> sample.data <- matrix(rnorm(500), 50, 10)
> sample.data <- as.data.frame(sample.data)
> sample.data <- cbind(paste("g", 1:50, sep=""), sample.data)
> colnames(sample.data) <- c("GeneName", paste("t", 1:10, sep=""))
> head(sample.data)
  GeneName         t1         t2         t3         t4         t5         t6
1       g1  0.6506507  2.2511342 -0.3816986  0.3280272  0.4610605  1.5809543
2       g2 -0.6905213  0.3381060 -0.7077111  1.4078910  0.2933683 -0.1066459
3       g3  0.3541356  0.4541696 -1.6335950  0.4263433 -0.5189055  0.5252583
4       g4 -0.7536498 -0.6576679 -1.2011061  0.2127903 -0.2037233 -0.6236748
5       g5  0.1589113  0.4053087 -1.1849440 -0.2635171  2.0520325 -0.2831023
6       g6  0.4785667  0.2277287 -0.5114406  0.3719895  0.7284306  0.1884368
          t7         t8           t9        t10
1 -1.3000891  0.5892476  1.590302760 -0.3231108
2  2.0824780  0.9929615 -0.133183908  0.8461574
3  0.5556600 -1.2984789  0.000519446  0.3543165
4  1.5932854  0.3699189  0.972156471 -0.5041644
5  0.7586054  1.3547863  1.778556359  1.3227048
6 -0.1165529  1.2721110  1.082750129 -0.9139294
> sample.data <- melt(sample.data)
Using GeneName as id variables
> head(sample.data)
  GeneName variable      value
1       g1       t1  0.6506507
2       g2       t1 -0.6905213
3       g3       t1  0.3541356
4       g4       t1 -0.7536498
5       g5       t1  0.1589113
6       g6       t1  0.4785667
> p <- ggplot(sample.data, aes(variable, GeneName))
> p <- p + geom_tile(aes(fill = value),
+ colour = "white") + scale_fill_gradient(low="white", high="steelblue")
> p
> library(Cairo)
> CairoPNG("d:/heatmap0206.png", 800,800)
> p
> dev.off()
windows
      2
</pre>
<p>把variable和GeneName分别作为x轴和y轴，然后按着value的值去填充颜色。</p>
<p><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/heatmap0206.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-1919" title="heatmap0206" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/heatmap0206.png" alt="" width="517" height="517" /></a><br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/13/usb-bootable-linux-winpe</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/13/usb-bootable-linux-winpe#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Jan 2010 05:21:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[windows]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1894</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[制作U盘版的启动盘，用于系统维护，虽然现在基本上不干这样的事，但还是弄一个，备用。

Linux用Sysresccd，这个版本是专门做livecd用于系统维护的，基于gentoo开发，我喜欢gentoo，所以选它-,-

还有一个好处是，可以选择启动32bit还是64bit的内核。这个很重要，因为做系统维护的话，通常是需要chroot到硬盘上的系统的。32bit是不能chroot到64bit的系统的，反之亦然。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/13/usb-bootable-linux-winpe" title="USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE">Read More: 2876 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>制作U盘版的启动盘，用于系统维护，虽然现在基本上不干这样的事，但还是弄一个，备用。</p>
<p>Linux用Sysresccd，这个版本是专门做livecd用于系统维护的，基于gentoo开发，我喜欢gentoo，所以选它-,-<br />
还有一个好处是，可以选择启动32bit还是64bit的内核。这个很重要，因为做系统维护的话，通常是需要chroot到硬盘上的系统的。32bit是不能chroot到64bit的系统的，反之亦然。<br />
Sysresccd可以从<a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/systemrescuecd/">http://sourceforge.net/projects/systemrescuecd/</a>下载到。<br />
虽然是致力于做livecd，但也可以制作usb启动盘。几乎所有的livecd都能做为安装盘，当然这个也不例外。通过这个装gentoo，也算是省时省力的一件事。</p>
<p>制作过程可参考：<a href="http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_How_to_install_SystemRescueCd_on_an_USB-stick">http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_How_to_install_SystemRescueCd_on_an_USB-stick</a><br />
我在windows下制作这个：<br />
先把U盘格式化成fat32格式<br />
装载iso，拷文件到U盘里<br />
重命名isolinux文件夹下的isolinux.cfg到syslinux.cfg<br />
重命名isolinux文件夹到syslinux</p>
<p>在装载的光盘目录下，bootprog/syslinux-3.84.zip里有一个syslinux.exe，解压到硬盘。<br />
运行cmd<br />
syslinux -ma X:<br />
#记得更改盘符-,-<br />
#两个参数，m代表写入mbr，a代表分区设为active。</p>
<p>WinPE使用‘龙行天下U盘启动维护系统贺岁版’可从<a href="http://bbs.winpeedu.com/thread-1701-1-1.html">http://bbs.winpeedu.com/thread-1701-1-1.html</a>下载。</p>
<p>解压后，打开lxtx_UBOOT_2009.5.18贺岁版\setup，运行“GRUBGUI.EXE”，选择相应的磁盘，选择“优先引导原来的MBR”，开始安装，然后将boot文件夹和szlos文件复制到U盘的根目录就可以了。</p>
<p>现在winpe的启动盘几乎都清一色用grub去引导，我本来还在想得去修改它的配置，让它去引导linux，没想到安装时，竟然有“优先引导原来的MBR”这个选项。试了一下，果然没问题，启动的时候，按空格进入grub，引导winpe启动盘，还有一些dos工具之类的。按其它键，则进入linux。总共才400多M，我的U盘有8G，再放一张xp的ghost镜像。这启动盘就perfect了。</p>
<p>Linux还带有X，默认不启动。StartX能出来。用的是XFCE。硬件都能检测出来。</p>
<p>% uname -a<br />
Linux sysresccd 2.6.31.09-std134-amd64 #1 SMP Fri Dec 18 23:57:11 UTC 2009 x86_64 Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q9400 @ 2.66GHz GenuineIntel GNU/Linux<br />
% lspci<br />
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 4 Series Chipset DRAM Controller (rev 03)<br />
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 4 Series Chipset PCI Express Root Port (rev 03)<br />
00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82567LM-3 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 02)<br />
00:1a.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02)<br />
00:1a.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 (rev 02)<br />
00:1a.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Controller #6 (rev 02)<br />
00:1a.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)<br />
00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 02)<br />
00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 02)<br />
00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) PCI Express Port 2 (rev 02)<br />
00:1d.0 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)<br />
00:1d.1 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)<br />
00:1d.2 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02)<br />
00:1d.7 USB Controller: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)<br />
00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev a2)<br />
00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801JDO (ICH10DO) LPC Interface Controller (rev 02)<br />
00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) 4-port SATA IDE Controller (rev 02)<br />
00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 02)<br />
00:1f.5 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) 2-port SATA IDE Controller (rev 02)<br />
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: ATI Technologies Inc RV710 [Radeon HD 4350]<br />
01:00.1 Audio device: ATI Technologies Inc RV710/730<br />
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		<title>2009年douban统计</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/09/douban-2009-stat</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/09/douban-2009-stat#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 09 Jan 2010 10:30:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[My Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[douban]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[阅





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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>阅<br />
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<li>July 31, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/07/31/sex-chromosome" title="性染色体">性染色体 (15)</a></li>
<li>December 14, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/12/14/opinion-in-programming" title="关于编程，我的理解">关于编程，我的理解 (7)</a></li>
<li>October 24, 2007 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2007/10/24/install-impute" title="安装impute">安装impute (0)</a></li>
<li>September 29, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/29/data-backup" title="备份苹果硬盘的数据">备份苹果硬盘的数据 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Protected: 我的2009</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/31/my2009</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/31/my2009#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 2009 13:06:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[My Life]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[AHMU]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1877</guid>
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<h3>Related Posts</h3>
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<li>December 28, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/28/shit-happens" title="shit happens">shit happens (2)</a></li>
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<li>March 14, 2005 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2005/03/14/8021-ruijie-authentic" title="scau校园网认证">scau校园网认证 (1)</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>Protected: shit happens</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/28/shit-happens</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Dec 2009 12:01:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1870</guid>
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<li>March 14, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/03/14/rejection-of-crow" title="从天而降的鸟屎">从天而降的鸟屎 (9)</a></li>
<li>January 16, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/01/16/zigzag" title="曲线回家o(∩_∩)o">曲线回家o(∩_∩)o (14)</a></li>
</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>bioinformatics scholarship in Belgium</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/27/bioinformatics-scholarship-in-belgium</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/27/bioinformatics-scholarship-in-belgium#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 27 Dec 2009 05:03:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bioinformatics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1866</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I don&#8217;t know if you&#8217;re still interested in a PhD in Bioinformatics and computational biology at the University of Leuven, Belgium. The position you applied for is already filled, but there is currently a special call for scholarships for students coming from China, from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) http://www.kuleuven.be/csc/index.html. Perhaps it could be interesting to apply for a PhD fellowship together. The application deadline is 15th Februari 2010 , if selected PhD starts September 2010. I have submitted one project one &#8220;gene regulation bioinformatics&#8221;, that can be found under the research themes, but you can also propose your own research project. Information about selection, application, and and requirements can be found on the website. 

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/12/27/bioinformatics-scholarship-in-belgium" title="bioinformatics scholarship in Belgium">Read More: 986 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>I don&#8217;t know if you&#8217;re still interested in a PhD in Bioinformatics and computational biology at the University of Leuven, Belgium. The position you applied for is already filled, but there is currently <strong>a special call for scholarships for students coming from China</strong>, from the China Scholarship Council (CSC) <a href="http://www.kuleuven.be/csc/index.html">http://www.kuleuven.be/csc/index.html</a>. Perhaps it could be interesting to apply for a PhD fellowship together. The application deadline is 15th Februari 2010 , if selected PhD starts September 2010. I have submitted one project one &#8220;gene regulation bioinformatics&#8221;, that can be found under the research themes, but you can also propose your own research project. Information about selection, application, and and requirements can be found on the website. </p>
<p>Let me know if you&#8217;re interested,</p></blockquote>
<p>突然收到这样一封信，我回复他说，很遗憾地告诉你，我把你拒了。<br />
没想到，他回了这么一条：</p>
<blockquote><p>Thanks for your reply. Feel free to forward the link to Chinese bioinformatics students who could be interested, and who you know are good students.</p></blockquote>
<p>举手之劳嘛，我就到处帮他宣传一下，发现还没在自己的一亩三分田里share过这个消息。遂贴过来。</p>
<p>还是挺不错的，这个奖学金只给中国的学生，所以中奖概率应该会蛮高的。看他给我的回复，就可以看出来，申请的人太少了。可能知道这个消息的人本身也不多吧。</p>
<p>我问过在比国留学的朋友了，这学校在比国，是个牛校。<br />
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</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>用数字当变量名</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/23/using-number-as-variable</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/23/using-number-as-variable#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 23 Nov 2009 13:58:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[R]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1822</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[可以用＂_＂开头做变量名，还可以用数字当变量名．

几乎所有的语言都不允许，R也不例外，当是如果用引号就可以违反这条规则．



<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/23/using-number-as-variable" title="用数字当变量名">Read More: 287 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>可以用＂_＂开头做变量名，还可以用数字当变量名．<br />
几乎所有的语言都不允许，R也不例外，当是如果用引号就可以违反这条规则．</p>
<pre>
> "10" = 20
> "_a" = 10
> ls()
[1] "_a" "10"
</pre>
<p>问题就出现了，如何取得这个变量的值呢？</p>
<pre>
> _a
错误: 意外的输入在"_"里
> "_a"
[1] "_a"
> 10
[1] 10
> "10"
[1] "10"
</pre>
<p>不加引号，不行，加了还是不行．</p>
<p>解决的办法就是使用get函数．get需要的参数是变量名，要求必须是字符串．</p>
<pre>
> get("_a")
[1] 10
> get("10")
[1] 20
> get(as.character(get("_a")))
[1] 20
</pre>
<p>very tricky&#8230;<br />
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<li>August 2, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/02/project-euler-problem-67" title="Project Euler &#8211; Problem 67">Project Euler &#8211; Problem 67 (0)</a></li>
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</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Xmarks同步到自己的地盘</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/07/xmarks-synchronize</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/07/xmarks-synchronize#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 07 Nov 2009 08:11:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[firefox]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tips]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1812</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Xmarks是一个同步化书签的firefox插件。

我倒不是经常在不同地方用不同的电脑，但是我通常是装linux和windows双系统的，我希望两个系统用同一个书签。在一个系统里修改书签，在另一个系统里可以自动更新成一样的。

Xmarks现在被墙了，有些不爽。虽然我翻墙了，但Xmarks依然无法更新。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/07/xmarks-synchronize" title="Xmarks同步到自己的地盘">Read More: 427 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.xmarks.com/">Xmarks</a>是一个同步化书签的firefox插件。</p>
<p>我倒不是经常在不同地方用不同的电脑，但是我通常是装linux和windows双系统的，我希望两个系统用同一个书签。在一个系统里修改书签，在另一个系统里可以自动更新成一样的。</p>
<p>Xmarks现在被墙了，有些不爽。虽然我翻墙了，但Xmarks依然无法更新。</p>
<p>好在Xmarks可以使用自己的服务器，试了一下，还真行。</p>
<p>我在这个博客的ftp里建了个bookmarks的目录，用于存放Xmarks书签。</p>
<p>修改Xmarks的账户信息，用户密码改用ftp的，而不是原来Xmarks里注册的。</p>
<p>选择　“使用自己的服务器”　有两个url需要填。分别用于存放bookmark和password。password是放PIN的。</p>
<p>地址 ftp://ftp.azpala.com/bookmarks/xmarks.json<br />
Password URL ftp://ftp.azpala.com/bookmarks/passwords.json</p>
<p>GFW威武！<br />
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<li>May 14, 2007 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2007/05/14/pkgsrc-tips" title="pkgsrc tips">pkgsrc tips (0)</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>方差检验</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/06/test-variance</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/06/test-variance#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 07:17:11 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[statistics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1797</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[書接上一回，兩样本的t检验，有一種计算方法是假设方差一样，这个R提供了var.test函数检验这个假设是否成立。这个函数对两组数据的方差比值使用F检验，调用和t.test差不多。



> var.test(expend~stature)

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/06/test-variance" title="方差检验">Read More: 442 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>書接<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/two-sample-t-test">上一回</a>，兩样本的t检验，有一種计算方法是假设方差一样，这个R提供了var.test函数检验这个假设是否成立。这个函数对两组数据的方差比值使用F检验，调用和t.test差不多。</p>
<pre>
> var.test(expend~stature)

	F test to compare two variances

data:  expend by stature
F = 0.7844, num df = 12, denom df = 8, p-value = 0.6797
alternative hypothesis: true ratio of variances is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
 0.1867876 2.7547991
sample estimates:
ratio of variances
          0.784446
</pre>
<p>这个结果，我们可以认为两组数据的方差是一样的。</p>
<p>var.test是基于两组数据是independent的，如果是成对数据的话，就不能使用这个来检验。</p>
<p>stats包里有好几種检验方法用于检验方差是否相同。<br />
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<li>November 5, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/wilcoxon-test" title="wilcoxon检验">wilcoxon检验 (0)</a></li>
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<li>August 20, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/20/hypergeometric-distribution" title="超几何分布">超几何分布 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>两样本的t检验</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/two-sample-t-test</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/two-sample-t-test#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:30:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[statistics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1767</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[看两个样本的均值是不是一样，H0是，这个和单样本的t检验基本上是没差别的。

计算统计量

其中SEDM：standard error of difference of means代表均值差异的标准误。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/two-sample-t-test" title="两样本的t检验">Read More: 1691 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>看两个样本的均值是不是一样，H<sub>0</sub>是<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu_1%20%3D%20%5Cmu_2&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu_1 = \mu_2' title='\mu_1 = \mu_2' class='latex' />，这个和单样本的t检验基本上是没差别的。</p>
<p>计算统计量<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=t%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Coverline%7Bx%7D_2%20-%20%5Coverline%7Bx%7D_1%7D%7BSEDM%7D%20&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='t = \frac{\overline{x}_2 - \overline{x}_1}{SEDM} ' title='t = \frac{\overline{x}_2 - \overline{x}_1}{SEDM} ' class='latex' /><br />
其中SEDM：standard error of difference of means代表均值差异的标准误。</p>
<p>SEDM有两个计算方法，取决于数据。<br />
如果两个样本的方差一致，可以对数据进行混合。得到一个pooled s，当然样本量不一样，需要进行加权。这个得到的t值自由度是n<sub>1</sub>+n<sub>2</sub>-2。<br />
pooled s的计算是：<br />
<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=S_%7BX_1X_2%7D%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B%28n_1-1%29S_%7BX_1%7D%5E2%2B%28n_2-1%29S_%7BX_2%7D%5E2%7D%7Bn_1%2Bn_2-2%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='S_{X_1X_2} = \sqrt{\frac{(n_1-1)S_{X_1}^2+(n_2-1)S_{X_2}^2}{n_1+n_2-2}}' title='S_{X_1X_2} = \sqrt{\frac{(n_1-1)S_{X_1}^2+(n_2-1)S_{X_2}^2}{n_1+n_2-2}}' class='latex' /><br />
相应的t值是：<br />
<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%20%20%20%20t%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Coverline%7BX%7D_1%20-%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D_2%7D%7BS_%7BX_1X_2%7D%20%5Ccdot%20%5Csqrt%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn_1%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bn_2%7D%7D%7D%20&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='    t = \frac{\overline{X}_1 - \overline{X}_2}{S_{X_1X_2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{n_1}+\frac{1}{n_2}}} ' title='    t = \frac{\overline{X}_1 - \overline{X}_2}{S_{X_1X_2} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1}{n_1}+\frac{1}{n_2}}} ' class='latex' /></p>
<p>如果两个样本的方差相差较大，实际上算出来的t值并不符合t分布，不过很接近，而且自由度由两样本的方差及大小所决定，通常不是整数。<br />
这种情况下SEDM为：<br />
<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%20%20SEDM%20%3D%20%5Csqrt%7B%7Bs_1%5E2%20%5Cover%20%7Bn%7D_1%7D%20%2B%20%7Bs_2%5E2%20%5Cover%20%7Bn%7D_2%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='  SEDM = \sqrt{{s_1^2 \over {n}_1} + {s_2^2 \over {n}_2}}' title='  SEDM = \sqrt{{s_1^2 \over {n}_1} + {s_2^2 \over {n}_2}}' class='latex' /><br />
相应的t值为：<br />
<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=t%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Coverline%7BX%7D_1%20-%20%5Coverline%7BX%7D_2%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7B%7Bs_1%5E2%20%5Cover%20n_1%7D%20%2B%20%7Bs_2%5E2%20%5Cover%20n_2%7D%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='t = \frac{\overline{X}_1 - \overline{X}_2}{\sqrt{{s_1^2 \over n_1} + {s_2^2 \over n_2}}}' title='t = \frac{\overline{X}_1 - \overline{X}_2}{\sqrt{{s_1^2 \over n_1} + {s_2^2 \over n_2}}}' class='latex' /><br />
这个方法也叫<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%27s_t_test">Welch&#8217;s t test</a>, 这个方法实际上更加robust。</p>
<pre>
> t.test(expend~stature)

        Welch Two Sample t-test

data:  expend by stature
t = -3.8555, df = 15.919, p-value = 0.001411
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -3.459167 -1.004081
sample estimates:
 mean in group lean mean in group obese
           8.066154           10.297778 

> t.test(expend~stature, var.equal=T)

        Two Sample t-test

data:  expend by stature
t = -3.9456, df = 20, p-value = 0.000799
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -3.411451 -1.051796
sample estimates:
 mean in group lean mean in group obese
           8.066154           10.297778
</pre>
<p>事实上两种方法给出的结果很相似，除非两个样本的大小和方差都很不一样。</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
如果两个样本是成对的，必须使用成对的t检验，如果不使用成对t检验，t值会变小，p值会变大，准确性差了很多。</p>
<pre>
> t.test(pre, post, paired=T)

	Paired t-test

data:  pre and post
t = 11.9414, df = 10, p-value = 3.059e-07
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 1074.072 1566.838
</pre>
<p>成对的t检验公式如下：<br />
<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=t%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Coverline%7BX%7D_D%20-%20%5Cmu_0%7D%7B%7Bs_D%7D%2F%5Csqrt%7BN%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='t = \frac{\overline{X}_D - \mu_0}{{s_D}/\sqrt{N}}' title='t = \frac{\overline{X}_D - \mu_0}{{s_D}/\sqrt{N}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>从公式上可以看出，这个就是单样本t检验的一个翻本，成对的数据求差值，然后这组差值数据进行了单样本的t检验。</p>
<p>比如上面的例子，t值的计算如下：</p>
<pre>
> D <- pre-post
> mean(D)/(sd(D)/sqrt(length(D)))
[1] 11.94139
</pre>
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
<ul class="related_post">
<li>November 6, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/06/test-variance" title="方差检验">方差检验 (0)</a></li>
<li>November 5, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/wilcoxon-test" title="wilcoxon检验">wilcoxon检验 (0)</a></li>
<li>November 1, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/01/one-sample-t-test" title="单样本t检验">单样本t检验 (1)</a></li>
<li>July 31, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/07/31/bootstrap-method" title="Bootstrap Method">Bootstrap Method (8)</a></li>
<li>August 26, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/26/88-bachelor" title="从概率的角度看，如何告别单身">从概率的角度看，如何告别单身 (2)</a></li>
<li>August 20, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/20/hypergeometric-distribution" title="超几何分布">超几何分布 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>wilcoxon检验</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/wilcoxon-test</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/wilcoxon-test#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Nov 2009 12:24:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[statistics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1762</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[最近准备把统计学从头到尾学一遍。囧rz&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.

书接上一回，t检验要求样本满足正态分布。这是它应用上的一个限制，并不是所有数据都是正态分布的。wilcox检验的好处在于它是distribution-free的，完全不需要管数据的分布情况。

单样本的wilcoxon检验，就是把样本的值减去理论均值，对于差值，不管正负，进行排序打分(rank)。然后计算差值是正的或者负的那一部分rank的和。相当于说，假设数据的分布是围绕对称的，从1到n（差值的rank）里挑一半的数（差值是正的或负的那一半）出来，每一个数选中的概率是1/2（数据对称分布的话）。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/wilcoxon-test" title="wilcoxon检验">Read More: 1114 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>最近准备把统计学从头到尾学一遍。囧rz&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<br />
书接<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/01/one-sample-t-test">上一回</a>，t检验要求样本满足正态分布。这是它应用上的一个限制，并不是所有数据都是正态分布的。wilcox检验的好处在于它是distribution-free的，完全不需要管数据的分布情况。</p>
<p>单样本的wilcoxon检验，就是把样本的值减去理论均值<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu_0' title='\mu_0' class='latex' />，对于差值，不管正负，进行排序打分(rank)。然后计算差值是正的或者负的那一部分rank的和。相当于说，假设数据的分布是围绕<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu_0' title='\mu_0' class='latex' />对称的，从1到n（差值的rank）里挑一半的数（差值是正的或负的那一半）出来，每一个数选中的概率是1/2（数据对称分布的话）。</p>
<p>通常取正的那一半差值的rank之和，作为统计量，这个统计量是符合正态分布的。</p>
<pre>
> sample.data <- c(rnorm(20, mean=5), c(1:10))
> wilcox.test(sample.data, mu=5)

        Wilcoxon signed rank test with continuity correction

data:  sample.data
V = 265, p-value = 0.3094
alternative hypothesis: true location is not equal to 5
</pre>
<p>输出里面的V就是统计量（正的那一半差值的rank之和），是否reject H<sub>0</sub>看相应的<em>p</em>-value。</p>
<p>两样本的wilcoxon检验同样基于把数据用rank替换(不区分样本)，然后计算其中一个样本的秩和，这样子就把问题简化成从1到n<sub>1</sub>+n<sub>2</sub>中无放回取出n<sub>1</sub>个值的样本<br />
<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/wilcox.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1801" title="wilcox" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/wilcox.png" alt="wilcox" width="516" height="553" /></a><br />
统计量W是第一个样本的秩和。接近于正态分布，基于此计算相应的<em>p</em>值。</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;<br />
成对的wilcoxon检验，对差值进行rank，然后和单样本wilcoxon检验是一样的。</p>
<pre>
> attach(intake)
> intake
    pre post
1  5260 3910
2  5470 4220
3  5640 3885
4  6180 5160
5  6390 5645
6  6515 4680
7  6805 5265
8  7515 5975
9  7515 6790
10 8230 6900
11 8770 7335
> wilcox.test(pre,post, paired=T)

	Wilcoxon signed rank test with continuity correction

data:  pre and post
V = 66, p-value = 0.00384
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0 

Warning message:
In wilcox.test.default(pre, post, paired = T) :
  cannot compute exact p-value with ties
</pre>
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
<ul class="related_post">
<li>November 6, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/06/test-variance" title="方差检验">方差检验 (0)</a></li>
<li>November 5, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/two-sample-t-test" title="两样本的t检验">两样本的t检验 (1)</a></li>
<li>November 1, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/01/one-sample-t-test" title="单样本t检验">单样本t检验 (1)</a></li>
<li>July 31, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/07/31/bootstrap-method" title="Bootstrap Method">Bootstrap Method (8)</a></li>
<li>August 26, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/26/88-bachelor" title="从概率的角度看，如何告别单身">从概率的角度看，如何告别单身 (2)</a></li>
<li>August 20, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/20/hypergeometric-distribution" title="超几何分布">超几何分布 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
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		<title>系统生物学的浪潮</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/04/the-wave-of-systems-biology</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/04/the-wave-of-systems-biology#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Nov 2009 12:30:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Biology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sysbio]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1739</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[想加入ResearchBlogging中文频道，结果说我的blog不符合规格，我只能泡制一篇，看看行不行。结果真的行。

《孟子·公孙丑》有云：&#8221;五百年必有王者兴，其间必有名世者&#8221;，中国历史如此，科研史其实也如此，阶段性地打上了王者和名世者的烙印。近半个世纪以来，基本上是分子生物学的天下，Watson和Crick的DNA双螺旋结构是一个里程碑，围绕着Crick所提出的central dogma，占据着半个世纪的生物学研究主流。有好有坏吧，我们看到了分子生物学快速发展的同时，其它的生物学分支却发展缓慢，甚至停滞不前。生物学上著名的代谢通路，比如最有名的糖酵解，都是半个世纪以前的发现，而现在技术进步了，反而难以再见到如此完整的东西。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/04/the-wave-of-systems-biology" title="系统生物学的浪潮">Read More: 1684 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>想加入<a href="http://www.researchblogging.org/">ResearchBlogging</a>中文频道，结果说我的blog不符合规格，我只能泡制一篇，看看行不行。结果真的行。</p>
<p>《孟子·公孙丑》有云：&#8221;五百年必有王者兴，其间必有名世者&#8221;，中国历史如此，科研史其实也如此，阶段性地打上了王者和名世者的烙印。近半个世纪以来，基本上是分子生物学的天下，Watson和Crick的DNA双螺旋结构是一个里程碑，围绕着Crick所提出的central dogma，占据着半个世纪的生物学研究主流。有好有坏吧，我们看到了分子生物学快速发展的同时，其它的生物学分支却发展缓慢，甚至停滞不前。生物学上著名的代谢通路，比如最有名的糖酵解，都是半个世纪以前的发现，而现在技术进步了，反而难以再见到如此完整的东西。</p>
<p>分子生物学把phenotype归因于genotype，并努力去找寻这些决定表型的基因的分子机制。事实上很难work out，大家都明白了这一点，用这样的分子手段无法描绘出一个复杂的整体<sup>1</sup>。事实上，这样的研究思路，还会长期存在，并且依然占据着主流。虽然大家都知道这不是以后的发展趋势，但是突破很困难，生命是复杂系统。相对比而言，那些复杂的物理系统，都称不上是complex，只能是complicated而已。我一直觉得Watson和Crick最多是生物界里的Newton，生物界需要一个Albert Einstein。五百年必有王者兴。</p>
<p>从人类基因组开始后，各种组学兴起，生物学里新的术语层出不穷，不过有影响的，也没几个，一个新的术语总是能给人带来新的希望和刺激。当然事实上有可能是don&#8217;t cry for me argentina里所唱的：</p>
<p>They are illusions</p>
<p>They are not the solutions they promised to be</p>
<p>当年的生物信息学，对生物学的冲击还是蛮大的，事实是生物信息学拯救了人类基因组计划，很多做实验的，可能会觉得贡献是在数据的存储和检索上，这一方面确实促进了细胞生物学和分子生物学的发展。实际上，生物信息学对基因组的最大贡献是拼接和注释，没有这两者的话，测序数据就是crap。</p>
<p><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/bio_term_trend.PNG"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1743" title="bio_term_trend" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/bio_term_trend.PNG" alt="bio_term_trend" width="494" height="453" /></a></p>
<p>这张图<sup>2</sup>虽然有bias，但还是能看出一些趋势的。学科在发展，这些术语的概念也会有一些变动。</p>
<p>系统生物学，从01年正式提出来后，发展趋势很快，大家都知道还原论不行，解决不了很多问题，基因和表型并不能很好的对应起来，基因要发挥作用，是有上下文的，这个上下文包括进化，发挥什么样的作用有一个where and when的问题，每个人的免疫系统都是不一样的，而这很大程度上是取决于小时候处于什么样的环境，接触了些什么样的东西，我就没见过海边长大的人吃海鲜会过敏的-,-</p>
<p>系统生物学看上去比较promise，大家也寄予了很大的期待，毕竟高能量的实验手段多了，数据是纷至沓来，希望能够有些突破，现在有足够的data，足够的knowledge，那么是时候研究整体的特性，甚至于建模，不过我觉得精确建模是不可能的，生物系统比物理系统复杂，应该有不一样的哲学基础，不一样的视角来看待问题。系统生物学的发展，必然会对生物学的研究带来冲击，我对这点深信不疑。基因型如何产生表型？进化如何塑造表型？至少系统生物学提供了研究的可能性。</p>
<p><span style="float: left; padding: 5px;"><a href="http://www.researchblogging.org"><img style="border:0;" src="http://www.researchblogging.org/public/citation_icons/rb2_large_gray.png" alt="ResearchBlogging.org" /></a></span><br />
<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Cell&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1535-6108%2802%2900133-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fresearchblogging.org&amp;rft.atitle=Can+a+biologist+fix+a+radio%3F%E2%80%94Or%2C+what+I+learned+while+studying+apoptosis&amp;rft.issn=15356108&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.spage=179&amp;rft.epage=182&amp;rft.artnum=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1535610802001332&amp;rft.au=Lazebnik%2C+Y.&amp;rfe_dat=bpr3.included=1;bpr3.tags=Biology">Lazebnik, Y. (2002). Can a biologist fix a radio?—Or, what I learned while studying apoptosis <span style="font-style: italic;">Cancer Cell, 2</span> (3), 179-182 DOI: <a rev="review" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00133-2">10.1016/S1535-6108(02)00133-2</a></span><br />
Bork, P. (2005). Is there biological research beyond Systems Biology? A comparative analysis of terms Molecular Systems Biology, 1 (1) DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/msb4100016">10.1038/msb4100016</a><br />
KIRSCHNER, M. (2005). The Meaning of Systems Biology Cell, 121 (4), 503-504 DOI: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.005">10.1016/j.cell.2005.05.005</a><br />
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
<ul class="related_post">
<li>August 11, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/11/gosemsim" title="GOSemSim">GOSemSim (0)</a></li>
</ul>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>单样本t检验</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/01/one-sample-t-test</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/01/one-sample-t-test#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2009 08:17:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Mathematics]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[statistics]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1725</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistic (under certain conditions) follows a Student&#8217;s t distribution.

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/01/one-sample-t-test" title="单样本t检验">Read More: 2179 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistic (under certain conditions) follows a Student&#8217;s t distribution.<br />
                                                                                                                       &#8212;Wikipedia</p>
<p>t检验的基本假设是数据来自于正态分布，一个最基本的应用就是估计正体的均值<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu' title='\mu' class='latex' />和标准差<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma' title='\sigma' class='latex' />，分别用样本的均值<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bx%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\overline{x}' title='\overline{x}' class='latex' />和标准误s来估计。这里一个最关键的概念就是样本之间的标准误，以估计均值为例，均值标准误(standard error of the mean, SEM)定义为<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=SEM%3D%5Cfrac%20%7B%5Csigma%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='SEM=\frac {\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}' title='SEM=\frac {\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}' class='latex' /> 通常<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma' title='\sigma' class='latex' />是未知的，用样本的标准误s代替。<br />
这个公式的含义就是，重复进行抽样，每次抽样计算一个均值，那么均值符合正态分布，其标准误是SEM，数据的分布较为狭窄(SEM < <img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma' title='\sigma' class='latex' />)，样本量越大，SEM的值会越小，对于整体均值<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu' title='\mu' class='latex' />的估计会更好。<br />
做一下试验，从<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu' title='\mu' class='latex' />=0，<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma' title='\sigma' class='latex' />=1的正态分布里，反复抽样1000次，样本大小为100，样本均值之间的标准误是0.1007293，而SEM的值是0.1，如果未知<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\sigma' title='\sigma' class='latex' />的话，用样本(这里用了第一个样本)的标准误代替估算出来的SEM，数值上也是很符合的。</p>
<pre>
> a= lapply(rep(100,1000), rnorm)
> a.mean=unlist(lapply(a, mean))
> sd(a.mean)
[1] 0.1007293
> 1/sqrt(100)
[1] 0.1
> sd(a[[1]])/sqrt(100)
[1] 0.1040281
</pre>
<p>单样本t检验的公式是:<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=t%20%3D%20%5Cfrac%7B%5Coverline%7Bx%7D%20-%20%5Cmu_0%7D%7Bs%20%2F%20%5Csqrt%7Bn%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='t = \frac{\overline{x} - \mu_0}{s / \sqrt{n}}' title='t = \frac{\overline{x} - \mu_0}{s / \sqrt{n}}' class='latex' />，分母就是SEM，对样本均值间的标准差的估计。记得以前上课的时候，老师就没讲这个，一直不明白<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cfrac%7Bs%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}' title='\frac{s}{\sqrt{n}}' class='latex' />是什么意思。</p>
<p>这个公式很好理解，就是<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bx%7D%20-%20%5Cmu_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\overline{x} - \mu_0' title='\overline{x} - \mu_0' class='latex' />和标准误差SEM的比值，比如经常讲95%的数据落在<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu%20%5Cpm%202%5Csigma&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu \pm 2\sigma' title='\mu \pm 2\sigma' class='latex' />之间，那么如果<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu_0' title='\mu_0' class='latex' />是总体均值的一个准确估计（在某种置信区间里），那么<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bx%7D%20-%20%5Cmu_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\overline{x} - \mu_0' title='\overline{x} - \mu_0' class='latex' />，就有95%的可能性会落在<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpm%20%5Cfrac%7B2s%7D%7B%5Csqrt%7Bn%7D%7D&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\pm \frac{2s}{\sqrt{n}}' title='\pm \frac{2s}{\sqrt{n}}' class='latex' />之间，比值算出来落在[-2,2]之间。如果比值在这个区间之外，那么在t分布上相应的p值会小于0.05，H<sub>0</sub>会被reject，<img src='http://s.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu_0&#038;bg=ffffff&#038;fg=000000&#038;s=0' alt='\mu_0' title='\mu_0' class='latex' />不是总体均值的合理估计。</p>
<p>计算样本的均值与总体均值估计值的差值，再看这个差值落在多少个标准差里面，这就是单样本的t检验。所计算的t值，满足t分布，由此给出相应的p值。</p>
<pre>
> t.test(a[[1]], mu=1)

        One Sample t-test

data:  a[[1]]
t = -9.8629, df = 99, p-value < 2.2e-16
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 1
95 percent confidence interval:
 -0.2324358  0.1803928
sample estimates:
  mean of x
-0.02602150
</pre>
<p>以第一个样本为例，检验均值是否为1，给出来的p-value < 2.2e-16，远小于0.5，拒绝H<sub>0</sub>。</p>
<pre>
> t.test(a[[1]], mu=0)

        One Sample t-test

data:  a[[1]]
t = -0.2501, df = 99, p-value = 0.803
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
 -0.2324358  0.1803928
sample estimates:
  mean of x
-0.02602150
</pre>
<p>检验均值是否为0，给出来的p-value = 0.803，大于0.5，不拒绝H<sub>0</sub></p>
<p>单样本t.test有三个参数：</p>
<pre>
alternative: a character string specifying the alternative hypothesis,
          must be one of '"two.sided"' (default), '"greater"' or
          '"less"'.  You can specify just the initial letter.

mu: a number indicating the true value of the mean (or difference
          in means if you are performing a two sample test).

conf.level: confidence level of the interval.
</pre>
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
<ul class="related_post">
<li>November 6, 2009 -- <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/06/test-variance" title="方差检验">方差检验 (0)</a></li>
<li>November 5, 2009 -- <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/two-sample-t-test" title="两样本的t检验">两样本的t检验 (1)</a></li>
<li>November 5, 2009 -- <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/11/05/wilcoxon-test" title="wilcoxon检验">wilcoxon检验 (0)</a></li>
<li>July 31, 2009 -- <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/07/31/bootstrap-method" title="Bootstrap Method">Bootstrap Method (8)</a></li>
<li>August 26, 2008 -- <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/26/88-bachelor" title="从概率的角度看，如何告别单身">从概率的角度看，如何告别单身 (2)</a></li>
<li>August 20, 2008 -- <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/20/hypergeometric-distribution" title="超几何分布">超几何分布 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>大爱 文泉驿正黑 字體</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/wen-quan-yi</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/wen-quan-yi#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2009 04:47:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1719</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[这次装funtoo，没有拷微软的字体，全是安装开源的文泉驿字体，用了几天，觉得文泉驿正黑看着实在是爽。

好多linux的distribution都是用文泉驿字體，具体可以参考官方站点： http://wenq.org/  文泉驿——开彼源兮，斯流永继

screenshot一下。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/wen-quan-yi" title="大爱 文泉驿正黑 字體">Read More: 134 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>这次装funtoo，没有拷微软的字体，全是安装开源的文泉驿字体，用了几天，觉得文泉驿正黑看着实在是爽。</p>
<p>好多linux的distribution都是用文泉驿字體，具体可以参考官方站点： <a href="http://wenq.org/">http://wenq.org/ </a> 文泉驿——开彼源兮，斯流永继</p>
<p>screenshot一下。<br />
<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wqy.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1720" title="wqy" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wqy.png" alt="wqy" width="585" height="552" /></a><br />
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
<ul class="related_post">
<li>January 13, 2010 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/13/usb-bootable-linux-winpe" title="USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE">USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE (2)</a></li>
<li>October 28, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/install-gentoo-china-overlay" title="安装gentoo-china-overlay">安装gentoo-china-overlay (2)</a></li>
<li>October 20, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/20/wine-doors" title="wine-doors">wine-doors (0)</a></li>
<li>October 16, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/16/have-fun-with-funtoo" title="Funtoo">Funtoo (0)</a></li>
<li>September 29, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/29/data-backup" title="备份苹果硬盘的数据">备份苹果硬盘的数据 (0)</a></li>
<li>September 28, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/28/ntlmaps" title="穿透院内的代理">穿透院内的代理 (0)</a></li>
<li>September 23, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/23/compile-32bit-applications-in-64bit-linux" title="在64位环境下编译32位的应用程序">在64位环境下编译32位的应用程序 (0)</a></li>
<li>September 22, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/22/using-windows-application-by-intranet" title="通过局域网在linux下使用windows的程序">通过局域网在linux下使用windows的程序 (1)</a></li>
<li>August 9, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/09/ntfs-3g" title="在linux下对NTFS进行读写">在linux下对NTFS进行读写 (0)</a></li>
<li>August 8, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/08/screen-a-virtual-terminal" title="Screen使得远程终端更加有效率">Screen使得远程终端更加有效率 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>安装gentoo-china-overlay</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/install-gentoo-china-overlay</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/install-gentoo-china-overlay#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Oct 2009 01:57:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1715</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[用pidgin挂QQ，今天早上一过来，提示：

您的号码可能存在异常情况，已受到限制登录保护，需激活后才能正常登录。激活网址：http://jihuo.qq.com

烦人，于是决定装个eva。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/install-gentoo-china-overlay" title="安装gentoo-china-overlay">Read More: 1820 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>用pidgin挂QQ，今天早上一过来，提示：<br />
您的号码可能存在异常情况，已受到限制登录保护，需激活后才能正常登录。激活网址：http://jihuo.qq.com</p>
<p>烦人，于是决定装个eva。<br />
eva在gentoo-china里有ebuild，还是用portage来安装比较好，便于管理，于是先装这个overlay，可参照官方文档：<a href="http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/overlays/userguide.xml">http://www.gentoo.org/proj/en/overlays/userguide.xml</a><br />
gentoo-china-overlay目前已经被layman收录</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p1715code3'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table width="100%" ><tr id="p17153"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
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</pre></td><td class="code" id="p1715code3"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">emerge layman-1.2.3   <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">#安装layman</span>
&nbsp;
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">echo</span> <span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;source /usr/local/portage/layman/make.conf&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;&gt;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>etc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>make.conf  <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">##让Portage找到overlay dir</span>
&nbsp;
layman <span style="color: #660033;">-L</span> <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">##列出所有layman管理的overlay ， layman -S 会更新所有已安装的overlay</span>
&nbsp;
layman <span style="color: #660033;">-f</span> <span style="color: #660033;">-a</span> gentoo-china  <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;">##安装gentoo-china-overlay</span></pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>gentoo-china有一些国内本土化的软件，比如有好多stardict的词典，我看了一眼，都是金山词霸的-,- ， QQ自然是少不了的，疼讯官方的版本也有，不过好像还不如eva。</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p1715code4'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table width="100%" ><tr id="p17154"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
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</pre></td><td class="code" id="p1715code4"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">localhost ~ <span style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"># emerge -pv net-im/linuxqq</span>
&nbsp;
These are the packages that would be merged, <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">in</span> order:
&nbsp;
Calculating dependencies ... <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">done</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">!</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> net-im<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>linuxqq-1.0.2_beta1-r1  <span style="color: #000000;">4</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">912</span> kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
&nbsp;
Total: <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> package <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span> new<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#41;</span>, Size of downloads: <span style="color: #000000;">4</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">912</span> kB
Portage <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">tree</span> and overlays:
 <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>usr<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>portage
 <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>usr<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">local</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>portage<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>layman<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>gentoo-china
&nbsp;
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">*</span> IMPORTANT: <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> news items need reading <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">for</span> repository <span style="color: #ff0000;">'funtoo'</span>.
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">*</span> Use eselect news to <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">read</span> news items.
&nbsp;
ygc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">@</span>localhost ~ $ emerge <span style="color: #660033;">-pv</span> net-im<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>eva
&nbsp;
These are the packages that would be merged, <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">in</span> order:
&nbsp;
Calculating dependencies ... <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">done</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">!</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> net-misc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>mDNSResponder-<span style="color: #000000;">107.6</span>-r5  <span style="color: #007800;">USE</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;-debug -doc -java&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">408</span> kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> media-libs<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>libmng-1.0.10  <span style="color: #007800;">USE</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;-lcms&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">1</span>,068 kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> x11-libs<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>qt-3.3.8b-r2  <span style="color: #007800;">USE</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;cups -debug -doc -examples (-firebird) -immqt -immqt-bc -ipv6 -mysql -nas -nis -odbc -opengl -postgres -sqlite -xinerama&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">16</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">909</span> kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> net-dns<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>libidn-<span style="color: #000000;">1.15</span>  <span style="color: #007800;">USE</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;emacs nls -doc -java -mono&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">2</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">574</span> kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> kde-base<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>kdelibs-3.5.10-r6  <span style="color: #007800;">USE</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;acl alsa branding cups tiff -arts -avahi -bindist -debug -doc -fam -jpeg2k -kdehiddenvisibility -kerberos -legacyssl -lua -openexr -spell -utempter&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">15</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">270</span> kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span>ebuild  N    <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> net-im<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>eva-0.4.1  <span style="color: #007800;">USE</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;-arts -debug -xinerama&quot;</span> <span style="color: #000000;">2</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">363</span> kB <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span>
&nbsp;
Total: <span style="color: #000000;">6</span> packages <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#40;</span><span style="color: #000000;">6</span> new<span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#41;</span>, Size of downloads: <span style="color: #000000;">39</span>,<span style="color: #000000;">589</span> kB
Portage <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">tree</span> and overlays:
 <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">0</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>usr<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>portage
 <span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#91;</span><span style="color: #000000;">1</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">&#93;</span> <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>usr<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span><span style="color: #7a0874; font-weight: bold;">local</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>portage<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>layman<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>gentoo-china
&nbsp;
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">*</span> IMPORTANT: <span style="color: #000000;">1</span> news items need reading <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">for</span> repository <span style="color: #ff0000;">'funtoo'</span>.
 <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">*</span> Use eselect news to <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">read</span> news items.</pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/qq.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1716" title="qq" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/qq.png" alt="qq" width="252" height="491" /></a><br />
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
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<li>August 8, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/08/screen-a-virtual-terminal" title="Screen使得远程终端更加有效率">Screen使得远程终端更加有效率 (0)</a></li>
<li>January 13, 2010 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/13/usb-bootable-linux-winpe" title="USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE">USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE (2)</a></li>
<li>October 28, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/wen-quan-yi" title="大爱 文泉驿正黑 字體">大爱 文泉驿正黑 字體 (0)</a></li>
<li>October 20, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/20/wine-doors" title="wine-doors">wine-doors (0)</a></li>
<li>October 16, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/16/have-fun-with-funtoo" title="Funtoo">Funtoo (0)</a></li>
<li>September 22, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/22/babylon" title="babylon-一个很好用的词典">babylon-一个很好用的词典 (0)</a></li>
<li>April 17, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/04/17/dialect" title="讲方言的软件">讲方言的软件 (0)</a></li>
<li>March 28, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/03/28/fences" title="Fences-桌面图标分类工具">Fences-桌面图标分类工具 (6)</a></li>
<li>March 10, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/03/10/latex-in-word" title="在word里使用latex">在word里使用latex (2)</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/install-gentoo-china-overlay/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>wine-doors</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/20/wine-doors</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/20/wine-doors#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 02:35:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1702</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[以前配置wine是个很麻烦的事情，现在有一些基于wine的程序，傻瓜化了，几乎是不需要再配置wine了，wine-doors就是其中一个。

在linux下运行windows的程序，还有另外一个方法，就是通过局域网。有兴趣的话，点击此处。

目前看来，wine对于我来说，唯一的用处是装了cajviewer，用来看文档。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/20/wine-doors" title="wine-doors">Read More: 1586 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>以前配置wine是个很麻烦的事情，现在有一些基于wine的程序，傻瓜化了，几乎是不需要再配置wine了，wine-doors就是其中一个。<br />
在linux下运行windows的程序，还有另外一个方法，就是通过局域网。有兴趣的话，<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/22/using-windows-application-by-intranet">点击此处</a>。</p>
<p>目前看来，wine对于我来说，唯一的用处是装了cajviewer，用来看文档。</p>
<p>安装wine-doors后，第一次运行出错。</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p1702code7'); return false;">View Code</a> BASH</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table width="100%" ><tr id="p17027"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
2
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</pre></td><td class="code" id="p1702code7"><pre class="bash" style="font-family:monospace;">ygc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">@</span>localhost <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>opt $ wine-doors
Started logging session
<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>usr<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>share<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>wine-doors<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>src<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>utils.py:<span style="color: #000000;">7</span>: DeprecationWarning: the md5 module is deprecated; use hashlib instead
import md5
Checking wine drive: <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>home<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>ygc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>.wine<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>
Error: Could not <span style="color: #c20cb9; font-weight: bold;">find</span> packlist <span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>home<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>ygc<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>.wine-doors<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>packlists<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">/</span>System Base.xml</pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p>修改~/.wine/wine-doors/preferences.xml，把repositories指向网上地址。问题便解决了。</p>

<div class="wp_codebox_msgheader"><span class="right"><sup><a href="http://www.ericbess.com/ericblog/2008/03/03/wp-codebox/#examples" target="_blank" title="WP-CodeBox HowTo?"><span style="color: #99cc00">?</span></a></sup></span><span class="left"><a href="javascript:;" onclick="javascript:showCodeTxt('p1702code8'); return false;">View Code</a> XML</span><div class="codebox_clear"></div></div><div class="wp_codebox"><table width="100%" ><tr id="p17028"><td class="line_numbers"><pre>1
2
3
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5
6
</pre></td><td class="code" id="p1702code8"><pre class="xml" style="font-family:monospace;">  <span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;repositories<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span></span>
    <span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;repo</span> <span style="color: #000066;">src</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;http://www.wine-doors.org/repositories/applications.repo/&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span>Applications<span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;/repo<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span></span>
    <span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;repo</span> <span style="color: #000066;">src</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;http://www.wine-doors.org/repositories/base.repo/&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span>System Base<span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;/repo<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span></span>
    <span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;repo</span> <span style="color: #000066;">src</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;http://www.wine-doors.org/repositories/games.repo/&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span>Games<span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;/repo<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span></span>
    <span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;repo</span> <span style="color: #000066;">src</span>=<span style="color: #ff0000;">&quot;http://www.wine-doors.org/repositories/libraries.repo/&quot;</span><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span>Libraries and Fonts<span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;/repo<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span></span>
  <span style="color: #009900;"><span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&lt;/repositories<span style="color: #000000; font-weight: bold;">&gt;</span></span></span></pre></td></tr></table></div>

<p><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wine-door.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1706" title="wine-door" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wine-door.png" alt="wine-door" width="632" height="541" /></a><br />
软件列表，点安转,wine-doors会自动下载安装，很方便。<br />
<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wine-game.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1707" title="wine-game" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/wine-game.png" alt="wine-game" width="631" height="529" /></a><br />
我不玩游戏的说orz&#8230;<br />
<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/installIE6.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1708" title="installIE6" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/installIE6.png" alt="installIE6" width="632" height="531" /></a><br />
安装IE6，依赖关系会自动解决。</p>
<p>发现中文会乱码，参照了<a href="http://bbs.wmzhe.com/viewthread.php?tid=50282">这个帖子</a>。</p>
<pre>
$ ln -s /usr/share/fonts/wqy-zenhei/wqy-zenhei.ttc ./wqy-zenhei.ttf
$ vim zh.reg  ## add:

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontSubstitutes]
"Arial"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Arial CE,238"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Arial CYR,204"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Arial Greek,161"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Arial TUR,162"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Courier New"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Courier New CE,238"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Courier New CYR,204"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Courier New Greek,161"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Courier New TUR,162"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"FixedSys"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Helv"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Helvetica"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"MS Sans Serif"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"MS Shell Dlg"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"MS Shell Dlg 2"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"System"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Tahoma"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Times"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Times New Roman CE,238"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Times New Roman CYR,204"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Times New Roman Greek,161"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Times New Roman TUR,162"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"
"Tms Rmn"="WenQuanYi Zen Hei"

$ regedit zh.reg    (将中文字体配置写入Wine的注册表)
</pre>
<h3>Related Posts</h3>
<ul class="related_post">
<li>January 13, 2010 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2010/01/13/usb-bootable-linux-winpe" title="USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE">USB启动盘-Linux+WinPE (2)</a></li>
<li>October 28, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/wen-quan-yi" title="大爱 文泉驿正黑 字體">大爱 文泉驿正黑 字體 (0)</a></li>
<li>October 28, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/28/install-gentoo-china-overlay" title="安装gentoo-china-overlay">安装gentoo-china-overlay (2)</a></li>
<li>October 16, 2009 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/16/have-fun-with-funtoo" title="Funtoo">Funtoo (0)</a></li>
<li>September 29, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/29/data-backup" title="备份苹果硬盘的数据">备份苹果硬盘的数据 (0)</a></li>
<li>September 28, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/28/ntlmaps" title="穿透院内的代理">穿透院内的代理 (0)</a></li>
<li>September 23, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/23/compile-32bit-applications-in-64bit-linux" title="在64位环境下编译32位的应用程序">在64位环境下编译32位的应用程序 (0)</a></li>
<li>September 22, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/09/22/using-windows-application-by-intranet" title="通过局域网在linux下使用windows的程序">通过局域网在linux下使用windows的程序 (1)</a></li>
<li>August 9, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/09/ntfs-3g" title="在linux下对NTFS进行读写">在linux下对NTFS进行读写 (0)</a></li>
<li>August 8, 2008 &#8212; <a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2008/08/08/screen-a-virtual-terminal" title="Screen使得远程终端更加有效率">Screen使得远程终端更加有效率 (0)</a></li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/20/wine-doors/feed</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Funtoo</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/16/have-fun-with-funtoo</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/16/have-fun-with-funtoo#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Oct 2009 06:59:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[linux]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1672</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[用了一个多月win7，新鲜劲完了，还是linux用着爽。

这次装funtoo ,乃是gentoo的一个variant，安装过程与几年前在苹果机上装gentoo无异。

现在上网要用锐捷认证，以前在SCAU就是用这个，这次我使用厦大的。

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/10/16/have-fun-with-funtoo" title="Funtoo">Read More: 1030 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>用了一个多月win7，新鲜劲完了，还是linux用着爽。</p>
<p>这次装<a href="http://www.funtoo.org/">funtoo </a>,乃是gentoo的一个variant，安装过程与几年前在<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2005/01/14/install-gentoo-in-powerbook-g3">苹果机上装gentoo</a>无异。</p>
<p>现在上网要用锐捷认证，以前在SCAU就是用<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2005/03/14/8021-ruijie-authentic">这个</a>，这次我使用<a href="http://code.google.com/p/xmuruijie/">厦大</a>的。</p>
<p>先解决上网认证问题，然后一路编译下来，還是很顺的，配置X花了我一点时间，输入法改用ibus，五笔启动不了，不过拼音可用。还没解决五笔的问题-,-</p>
<p>字体有点丑，不过这年头已经不用手工美化了。安装几个字体就OK了。</p>
<pre>
emerge mkfontdir mkfontscale   ##字体工具
emerge ttf-bitstream-vera corefonts ##英文字体
emerge media-fonts/wqy-bitmapfont ##中文字体
</pre>
<p>然后在xorg.conf的Section &#8220;Files&#8221;中加入新增的字体目录</p>
<p>使用fc-cache更新系统字体，就OK了。</p>
<p>安装ntfs-3g，以支持ntfs文件系统的写入。</p>
<pre>
emerge ntfs3g ##安装

localhost ygc # ntfs-3g /dev/sda1 /mnt/C
FATAL: Module fuse not found.
ntfs-3g-mount: fuse device is missing, try 'modprobe fuse' as root
</pre>
<p>出错，于是重编内核模块，把下面选项选上。</p>
<pre>
File systems  —>
<M> Filesystem in Userspace support
</pre>
<p>然后update以下，就OK了。</p>
<pre>update-modules</pre>
<p>在/etc/fstab里加入下面两行，开机时自动挂。</p>
<pre>
/dev/sda1        /mnt/C        ntfs-3g                0 0
/dev/sda5        /mnt/D        ntfs-3g                0 0
</pre>
<p>推荐一个图标主题，我一直以来都在用，叫gartoon，相当卡通。</p>
<pre>
ygc@localhost ~ $ eix gartoon
[I] x11-themes/gartoon
Available versions:  0.5-r2!b!s
Installed versions:  0.5-r2!b!s(11:56:36 10/16/09)
Homepage:            http://www.gentoo.org
Description:         Gartoon SVG icon theme
</pre>
<p>emerge就行了，ubuntu里直接apt-get install也OK的。</p>
<p><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/gartoon.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1680" title="gartoon" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/gartoon.png" alt="gartoon" width="619" height="470" /></a><br />
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]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>babylon-一个很好用的词典</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/22/babylon</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/22/babylon#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Sep 2009 03:00:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1605</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[最近发现babylon相当不错，所以推荐一下。支持多种语言，可以自动安装词典，还可以查wiki。金山词霸我都懒得再看它一眼-,-

screenshot一张：



<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/22/babylon" title="babylon-一个很好用的词典">Read More: 762 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>最近发现babylon相当不错，所以推荐一下。支持多种语言，可以自动安装词典，还可以查wiki。金山词霸我都懒得再看它一眼-,-</p>
<p>screenshot一张：</p>
<p><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/babylon.PNG"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1604" title="babylon" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/babylon.PNG" alt="babylon" width="582" height="426" /></a></p>
<p>我强烈推荐安装韦氏和wordnet，韦氏自不用说，wordnet应该很多人不知道，我一直在用。<br />
摘一段wordnet主页(<a href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu">http://wordnet.princeton.edu/</a>)上的介绍：<br />
WordNet® is a large lexical database of English, developed under the direction of George A. Miller. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets), each expressing a distinct concept. Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual-semantic and lexical relations. The resulting network of meaningfully related words and concepts can be navigated with the browser. WordNet is also freely and publicly available for download. WordNet&#8217;s structure makes it a useful tool for computational linguistics and natural language processing.</p>
<p>wordnet是Princeton大学的心理学家，语言学家和计算机工程师联合设计的一种基于认知语言学的英语词典，和其它词典有很大的不同，所有的词是通过语义进行关联的。在文本分析和人工智能上都有应用。<br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>使用gtalk机器人更新twitter</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/03/gtalk-twitter</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/03/gtalk-twitter#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Sep 2009 13:47:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Computer Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[twitter]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1596</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[前段时间一直用twizap来更新，最近又被封了。发现一个更好的网站，那就是hellotxt

这个网站支持很多social networks的同步更新，当然twitter也在其中，然后hellotxt有gtalk的机器人。就可以通过它来更新twitter，screenshot一张



<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/09/03/gtalk-twitter" title="使用gtalk机器人更新twitter">Read More: 137 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>前段时间一直用twizap来更新，最近又被封了。发现一个更好的网站，那就是<a href="http://hellotxt.com/">hellotxt</a></p>
<p>这个网站支持很多social networks的同步更新，当然twitter也在其中，然后hellotxt有gtalk的机器人。就可以通过它来更新twitter，screenshot一张<br />
<a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/im.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1595" title="im" src="http://ygc.azpala.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/im.png" alt="im" width="292" height="486" /></a><br />
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>爱与现实</title>
		<link>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/08/06/love-and-reality</link>
		<comments>http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/08/06/love-and-reality#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Aug 2009 13:31:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ygc</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[movie]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ygc.azpala.com/?p=1568</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[伪文艺地重温了一遍BBC1995年拍的傲慢与偏见，看完我想看原版小说了，只为贝纳太太唠叨的对白，特生活化，我特喜欢，我承认我很低俗。虽然主要是绕着达西先生和伊丽莎白共结连理来展开，但是总共讲述了四对婚姻，而这四个女人，我觉得是很有代表性。

男人和女人是不一样的，这毕竟依然是一个男权制的社会。引用一段明代的笑话，打差别。

郡人赵世杰半夜睡醒，语其妻曰：“我梦中与他家妇女交接，不知妇女亦有此梦否？”其妻曰：“男子妇人有甚差别？”世杰遂将其妻打了一顿。至今留下俗语云：“赵世杰夜半起来打差别。”

<span class="readmore"><a href="http://ygc.azpala.com/2009/08/06/love-and-reality" title="爱与现实">Read More: 2121 Words Totally</a></span>]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img class="alignleft" title="pride" src="http://t.douban.com/lpic/s1785358.jpg" alt="" width="154" height="221" />伪文艺地重温了一遍BBC1995年拍的傲慢与偏见，看完我想看原版小说了，只为贝纳太太唠叨的对白，特生活化，我特喜欢，我承认我很低俗。虽然主要是绕着达西先生和伊丽莎白共结连理来展开，但是总共讲述了四对婚姻，而这四个女人，我觉得是很有代表性。</p>
<p>男人和女人是不一样的，这毕竟依然是一个男权制的社会。引用一段明代的笑话，打差别。<br />
郡人赵世杰半夜睡醒，语其妻曰：“我梦中与他家妇女交接，不知妇女亦有此梦否？”其妻曰：“男子妇人有甚差别？”世杰遂将其妻打了一顿。至今留下俗语云：“赵世杰夜半起来打差别。”<br />
赞曰：道学家守不妄语为良知，此人夫妻半夜论心，似非妄语，然在夫则可；在妻则不可，何也？此事若问李卓吾，定有奇解。</p>
<p>即使是灰姑娘，也希望能遇到个青蛙王子，女人不管有多要强，不管事业心有多重，都想嫁个好人家，人都是社会性的。而女人的青春保鲜期实在是有限，30岁之前不嫁了，周围的人都会给予巨大的压力，而且生育年龄摆在面前，这是无法摆脱的。然后生小孩，生活重心回归家庭。很快人到中年，还能奢望什么呢？二十几岁的时候，觅一良人，相当大的程度，决定了女人的一生。</p>
<p>女人向男人寻求物质上的保障，也是一件再正常不过的事情了，做为一个男人，我觉得保障一定的物质生活，也是一件必须的能力。傲慢与偏见里有一句台词很经典，‘因为他这么有钱，看上去也就不那么讨厌了’。这让我想起‘lie to me&#8217;，某男要测试他女友，看她是爱上他的人还是他的钱，得到的答复是both,明显他对于这个答案不满意，那位黑人MM问了他一句，‘你能区分你爱上的是她的人还是她的美貌吗？’，女人的相貌和男人的腰包，总是出奇的相似。当年老毛时代，据说结婚的话，女方会要求男方家里有46条腿，就是桌子腿、凳子腿，加起来不能少于46。然后到了邓先生的年代，变成了要求男方家里有缝纫机，我至今还记得，当年我在广州租房子，那里面有一台坏掉的缝纫机，后来房子易主，原来的房东太太硬是要把那台坏掉的缝纫机搬回去，她儿子不愿意，她硬是坚持搬，这代人是无法理解那一代人对于缝纫机那种特有的情结的。到了今日，要求有房有车，也是可以理解的，虽然这奴役了天朝绝大多数的男人，但没办法，社会畸形发展的结果。<br />
<span id="more-1568"></span><br />
丽迪亚，水性杨花外加愚蠢，私奔，15岁嫁给了放荡的威卡，本心而论，我最讨厌女人愚蠢，即便是个美女，那也是金玉其外，败絮其中，人间尤物而已。时下这类人，似乎很多。</p>
<p>夏洛蒂嫁给了科林斯，夏洛蒂应该是比较有代表性的，虽然在最后伊丽莎白和达西先生的婚礼上，她的眼神充满妒忌和不满。女人嘛，都觉得自己应该得到更好的生活，当看到同伴比自己好很多的时候，心理有那么些不平衡也是正常的。但是她最初的决定是相当理性的，虽然科林斯一副奴才相，折腰事权贵，但也不是个坏人，而且能保障她过着体面的生活。只要男人不太讨厌，嫁给谁不一样？关键是有保障。囧~~~我觉得现在国内除了一帮弱智女人之外，剩下的，就属这类人最多，很多女孩子上大学的目标，就是给自己找个合适的人嫁了。年纪越大，我越觉得现实是重要的，但是如果年纪轻轻的，就如此现实，那人生还有什么意义呢？当然没梦的羡慕有梦的，有梦的还愁梦难圆呢，谁也不比谁高级多少。不过我不会喜欢上这一类女生。现实没错，但是太过于世俗了。</p>
<p>《韩非子·内储说下六微》里有一段：卫人有夫妻祷者，而祝曰：“使我无故，得百束布。”其夫曰：“何少也？”对曰：“益是，子将买妾。” 似乎很多女人，就想嫁个差不多的人就行了，也不想嫁个太好的。不知道是不是普遍的想法？</p>
<p>如果夏洛蒂算得上小家碧玉的话，那简实属是大家闺秀，举止得当，也懂得谦卑，不像宾莱的妹妹，高傲，看不起门户比她们低的人。嫁入豪门，而双方还是相爱的，这简直就是梦想的生活。太美好的东西，总是很难去相信。只种绝对是可遇不可求的，前阵子那部‘He&#8217;s Just Not That Into You’，似乎很火，我没看，但是看了一些评论，有些女人把它奉为恋爱圣经，我觉得凡事不能太YY，奉为圣经的人，想必是想当修女，反正我觉得这是尼姑入学手册。</p>
<p>而伊丽莎白才貌双全，实属佳人。这种女人，腹有诗书气自华，可遇不可求。现实中这种女人有时候也会很惨，因为很难找到一个配得上她的男人。都说男人喜欢蠢女人，这话是没错的，因为男人都爱装B，而真正牛B的人实在是太少了，所以大多数男人都不喜欢聪明的女人。即便是张爱玲这样的女子，也只能妥协和顺从那个自我陶醉型的胡兰成。</p>
<p>关于傲慢和偏见，有时候，这两种情绪是很难区分的，但是又无所不在，当年在华农，我整天穿拖鞋，某同学对着我说，农民的劣根性，我无视他。前两个月答辩的时候，专家说我没见过活猪，我同样无视。才懒得跟他解释。但如果对方是自己在意的人有先入为主的看法呢，偏见倒也无所谓，通常来自于第一印象，只是一种情绪，可以为自己辩护。但如果是傲慢呢，我倒真不知道可以怎么办？！每个人都是自尊又自卑的长大的，总有些东西是无法释怀，无法认同的。来自于心灵深处的东西，是无法抹去的。当年宋美龄在白宫做客，外面有工人运动，第一夫人问她，如果此事发生在中国，怎么办？她用手做出抹脖子的动作。这位10岁就远赴重洋，被认为是外黄内白的人，从里到外都是黄的，充满暴力和对生命的不尊重。<br />
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</ul>
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